Links to the other verb types:

う

く

ぐ

す

つ

ぬ

ぶ

む

Ichi(1)-dan

Go(5)-Dan Verbs With the Plain Form Ending:
- ​る -

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Examples:

• おわる - end/finish
• かえる - return home
• かかる - take (time/money)
• しる - know
• つくる - make​

• ​​とる - take
• ​なおる - get better/heal
• ​なる - become​
• のぼる - climb ​

• ​のる - ride/get onto
  
• はしる - run
• はじまる - (something) begins
• わかる - understand

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　The go-dan steps are: ら り る れ ろ

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We'll take a look at how this type of go-dan verb works, using かえる (return home), のる (ride) and しる (know) as examples. しる is a quirky verb, so pay attention to the examples.

• Bear in mind that other go-dan verbs that end in る in the plain (dictionary) form work the same way as these examples. However, with this being the most common group of verbs, there are a few quirky ones that you'll learn as we go along.
• WARNING: All ichi(1)-dan verbs also end in る, and they are formed differently from go(5)-dan verbs - they're much easier.
  ​Hint: ichi(1)-dan verbs end in an -iru or -eru sound. e.g. miru (see), taberu (eat). (One important exception is "kaeru" - see the examples below.)

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TE Form

Take off the る and replace with って

• かえる → かえって
• しる → しって
• のる → のって

Verb Stem

Take off the る and replace with り

• かえる → かえり
• しる → しり​
• のる → のり

Alternatively, if you already know the -masu form, just drop the -masu and what you have left is the verb stem.
​かえります→かえり
​しります→しり
のります→のり

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Plain Form

Non-past, positive (aka dictionary form):

• かえる - returns home / will return home
• しる - will know (not used for "knows")
• のる - rides / will ride

Non-past, negative:

• かえらない - doesn't return home/ won't return home
• しらない - doesn't know/ won't know
• のらない - doesn't ride/ won't ride

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Past, positive:

• かえった - returned home
• しった - (!) found out (not "knew")
• のった - rode

Past, negative:

• かえらなかった - didn't return home
• しらなかった - didn't know
• のらなかった - didn't ride

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Present continuous, non-past, positive  (TE form ＋ いる):

• かえって いる - is/am/are returning home
• しって いる - (!) knows
• のって いる - is/am/are riding

Present continuous, non-past, negative  (TE form ＋ いない):

• かえって いない - is/am/are not returning home.
• (!) しる is not used in this form.
• のって いない - is/am/are not riding

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Potential (can):

• かえれる - can return home
• しれる - can know
• のれる - can ride

​​​​All potential form verbs become ichi(1)-dan verbs.
Year 13

Volitional (let's):

• かえろう - let's return home
• (!) しる is not used in this form.
• のろう - let's ride/let's get on

Not needed for NCEA, but handy to know.

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-ます (masu) Form (Polite Form)

Non-past, positive:

• かえります - returns home/ will return home
• しります - will know (not used for "knows")
• のります - rides / will ride

Non-past, negative:

• かえりません - doesn't return home/ won't return home
• しりません - doesn't know / won't know
• のりません - doesn't ride / won't ride

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Past, positive:

• かえりました - returned home
• しりました -  (!) found out (not "knew")
• のりました - rode

Past, negative:

• かえりません でした - didn't return home
• しりません でした - didn't know
• のりません でした - didn't ride

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Present continuous, non-past, positive (TE form ＋ います):

• かえって います - is/am/are returning home
• しって います - (!) knows
• のって います - is/am/are riding

Present continuous, non-past, negative (TE form ＋ いません):

• かえって いません - is/am/are not returning home
• (!) しる is not used in this form.​
• のって いません - is/am/are not riding

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Potential (can):

• かえれます - can return home
• しれます - can know
• のれます - can ride

​​​​​All potential form verbs become ichi(1)-dan verbs.
​Year 13

Volitional (let's):

• かえりましょう - let's return home
• (!) しる is not used in this form.​
• のりましょう - let's ride

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