る-VERBS

Links to the other verb types:

Go(5)-Dan Verbs With the Plain Form Ending:
- る -

Examples:

おわる - end/finish
かえる - return home
かかる - take (time/money)
しる - know
つくる - make

とる - take
なおる - get better/heal
なる - become
のぼる - climb

のる - ride/get onto
はしる - run
はじまる - (something) begins
わかる - understand

　The go-dan steps are: らりるれろ

We'll take a look at how this type of go-dan verb works, using かえる (return home), のる (ride) and しる (know) as examples. しる is a quirky verb, so pay attention to the examples.

Bear in mind that other go-dan verbs that end in る in the plain (dictionary) form work the same way as these examples. However, with this being the most common group of verbs, there are a few quirky ones that you'll learn as we go along.
WARNING: All ichi(1)-dan verbs also end in る, and they are formed differently from go(5)-dan verbs - they're much easier.
Hint: ichi(1)-dan verbs end in an -iru or -eru sound. e.g. miru (see), taberu (eat). (One important exception is "kaeru" - see the examples below.)

TE Form

Take off the る and replace with って

かえる → かえって
しる → しって
のる → のって

Verb Stem

Take off the る and replace with り

かえる → かえり
しる → しり
のる → のり

Alternatively, if you already know the -masu form, just drop the -masu and what you have left is the verb stem.
かえります→かえり
しります→しり
のります→のり

Plain Form

Non-past, positive (aka dictionary form):

かえる - returns home / will return home
しる - will know (not used for "knows")
のる - rides / will ride

Non-past, negative:

かえらない - doesn't return home/ won't return home
しらない - doesn't know/ won't know
のらない - doesn't ride/ won't ride

Past, positive:

かえった - returned home
しった - (!) found out (not "knew")
のった - rode

Past, negative:

かえらなかった - didn't return home
しらなかった - didn't know
のらなかった - didn't ride

Present continuous, non-past, positive (TE form ＋いる):

かえっている - is/am/are returning home
しっている - (!) knows
のっている - is/am/are riding

Present continuous, non-past, negative (TE form ＋いない):

かえっていない - is/am/are not returning home.
(!) しる is not used in this form.
のっていない - is/am/are not riding

Potential (can):

かえれる - can return home
しれる - can know
のれる - can ride

All potential form verbs become ichi(1)-dan verbs.
Year 13

Volitional (let's):

かえろう - let's return home
(!) しる is not used in this form.
のろう - let's ride/let's get on

Not needed for NCEA, but handy to know.

-ます (masu) Form (Polite Form)

Non-past, positive:

かえります - returns home/ will return home
しります - will know (not used for "knows")
のります - rides / will ride